Подходы к экспериментальному моделированию нейровоспаления при нейродегенеративных заболеваниях: часть 1 — in vivo модели

Учитывая растущую распространённость нейродегенеративных расстройств во всём мире, разработка новых методов для коррекции нейровоспаления (НВ) — процесса, лежащего в основе этих патологий, весьма актуальна и важна в современных биомедицинских исследованиях. Экспериментальные модели НВ являются важными инструментами в поиске лекарственных средств для терапии нейродегенеративных заболеваний, таких как болезнь Альцгеймера, болезнь Паркинсона, рассеянный склероз, эпилепсия, депрессия. Используемые в настоящее время модели делятся на in vitro (исследования на клеточных культурах) и in vivo, которые условно можно разделить по способу воздействия на организм: химические — воздействие нейротоксинов и эндогенных веществ, генетические — нокаутные и трансгенные животные, физические — травмы, стрессирование. Каждая из этих моделей направлена на один из многочисленных патогенетических путей НВ, но ни один из них не может отразить полную картину этого сложного процесса. Кроме этого, существует проблема недостаточного соответствия между доклиническими моделями и клиническими испытаниями, что может быть обусловлено некорректным выбором модели, её достоверностью, а также условиями эксперимента. Все это снижает эффективность поиска новых лекарственных средств для лечения нейродегенеративных расстройств, в основе которых лежат процессы НВ. В статье описываются основные существующие экспериментальные модели НВ для изучения нейродегенеративных заболеваний, а также приводится их сравнение с указанием особенностей, достоинств и недостатков.

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