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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">phkinetica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фармакокинетика и Фармакодинамика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-7836</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8830</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство ОКИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37489/2587-7836-2026-3-135-147</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">OPUQNW</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">phkinetica-558</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ БИОЭКВИВАЛЕНТНОСТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>К вопросу об оценке влияния фактора группы на биоэквивалентность препаратов при проведении клинических исследований</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the issue of assessing the influence of group factors on the bioequivalence of drugs during clinical trials</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4029-3170</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Верведа</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Verveda</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Верведа Алексей Борисович — к. м. н, с. н. с. </p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey B. Verveda — PhD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher of Scientific Work</p><p>St. Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aleksivan02@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6635-9786</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сыраева</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Syraeva</surname><given-names>G. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сыраева Гульнара Ислямовна — к. м. н., ассистент кафедры клинической фармакологии и доказательной медицины; заместитель управляющего</p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gulnara I. Syraeva — PhD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Evidence-based Medicine; Deputy CEO</p><p>St. Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">syraevagulnara@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2503-4402</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Василюк</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyuk</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Василюк Василий Богданович — д. м. н., профессор кафедры токсикологии, экстремальной и водолазной медицины; Управляющий</p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vasiliy B. Vasilyuk — Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor of the Department of Toxicology, Extreme and Diving Medicine; Manager</p><p>St. Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vasilyuk_vb@ecosafety.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4212-5453</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фарапонова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Faraponova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фарапонова Мария Валерьевна — заместитель управляющего по научной работе</p><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria V. Faraponova — Deputy Manager for Scientific Work</p><p>St. Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">faraponova_mv@ecosafety.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0637-9184</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудряшова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryashova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кудряшова Александра Михайловна — н. с. лаборатории медицинской биотехнологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra M. Kudryashova — Researcher of Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology</p><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">2238250@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Научно-исследовательский центр Эко-безопасность» ;  ФГБУН «Научно-исследовательский институт промышленной и морской медицины»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC "Eco-Safety Research Center" ; Research Institute of Industrial and Marine Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Научно-исследовательский центр Эко-безопасность» ; ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC "Eco-Safety Research Center" ; First Saint Petersburg State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Научно-исследовательский центр Эко-безопасность» ;  ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC "Eco-Safety Research Center" ; North-West State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Научно-исследовательский центр Эко-безопасность»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>LLC "Eco-Safety Research Center"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>147</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Верведа А.Б., Сыраева Г.И., Василюк В.Б., Фарапонова М.В., Кудряшова А.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Верведа А.Б., Сыраева Г.И., Василюк В.Б., Фарапонова М.В., Кудряшова А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Verveda A.B., Syraeva G.I., Vasilyuk V.B., Faraponova M.V., Kudryashova A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacokinetica.ru/jour/article/view/558">https://www.pharmacokinetica.ru/jour/article/view/558</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. При проведении клинических исследований биоэквивалентности (БЭ) нередко возникает необходимость разделения общей выборки добровольцев на несколько групп (когорт) из-за ограничений коечного фонда. Учёт фактора «Группа» в дисперсионной модели (ANOVA) остаётся дискуссионным: исторически жёсткие требования FDA сменились более гибкими подходами ICH M13A, однако в нормативных документах Евразийского экономического союза (ЕАЭС) сохраняются неопределённости положений, связанные со структурой факторов, а также сохранением консервативного подхода к статистической обработке данных при переходе от стандартной к модифицированной модели ANOVA.Цель. Проанализировать эволюцию регуляторных требований к учёту фактора «Группа» и статистически оценить его реальное влияние на ширину 90 % доверительного интервала и остаточную дисперсию при проведении исследований БЭ.Материалы и методы. Проведён критический обзор руководств FDA (2001, 2022), ICH M13A (2024), EMA (2010) и Правил ЕАЭС (Решение № 85). Выполнен ретроспективный анализ 17 исследований БЭ (34 пары сравнений стандартной и модифицированной моделей ANOVA) с дизайном 2×2×2, выполненных в одном центре за период 2010–2025 гг. Оценивали относительное изменение ширины доверительного интервала (ΔW, %) и остаточной дисперсии (ΔMSE, %) при добавлении групповых факторов. Проведена стратификация по уровню внутрииндивидуальной вариабельности (низкая, умеренная, высокая) и корреляционный анализ с временным разрывом между когортами (ΔT, дни).Результаты. Статистически значимых различий между стандартной и модифицированной моделями не выявлено (p = 0,351). Среднее ΔW составило −0,37 % (медиана 0,55 %; диапазон от −9,12 до +3,18 %). Корреляция ΔW с временным разрывом (от 2 до 10 дней) отсутствовала (ρ = −0,039; p = 0,825). В стратифицированных подгруппах изменение MSE было незначимым: для низкой вариабельности –0,66 % (p = 0,962), для умеренной — 3,44 % (p = 0,118), для высокой +1,65 % (p = 0,119). График Блэнда–Алтмана подтвердил высокую согласованность стандартной и модифицированной моделей (95 % границ согласия от –5,93 до +5,19 %).Заключение. При временном лаге между когортами до 10 суток и строгой стандартизации процедур включение фактора «Группа» в модель ANOVA не приводит к клинически значимому изменению ширины доверительного интервала или остаточной дисперсии независимо от исходной вариабельности препарата. Это позволяет проводить исследования с разделением на группы без риска расширения доверительного интервала. Нормативная база ЕАЭС нуждается в актуализации с учётом современных рекомендаций ICH M13A, фактор «Группа» — это в первую очередь организационная составляющая, продиктованная регуляторами, а не то, что может серьёзно повлиять на вывод о БЭ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. In clinical bioequivalence (BE) studies, the need to split the overall sample of volunteers into several groups (cohorts) often arises due to bed-capacity constraints. The inclusion of the “Group” factor in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) model remains a matter of debate: historically stringent FDA requirements are being replaced by more flexible ICH M13A approaches, but the regulatory documents of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) still contain uncertainties and certain risks related to the fact that including this factor may widen the confidence interval and thus hinder the demonstration of BE.Objective. To analyze the evolution of regulatory requirements for accounting for the “Group” factor and to statistically assess its actual impact on the width of the 90 % confidence interval and on residual variance in BE studies.Methods. A critical review was conducted of FDA guidance (2001, 2022), ICH M13A (2024), EMA (2010) and the EAEU Rules (Decision No. 85). A retrospective analysis of 17 BE studies (34 pairs of comparisons between standard and modified ANOVA models) with a 2×2×2 design, performed at a single center during 2010–2025, was carried out. The relative change in confidence interval width (ΔW, %) and in residual variance (ΔMSE, %) upon adding group factors was evaluated. Stratification by intra-subject variability level (low, moderate, high) and correlation analysis with the time gap between cohorts (ΔT, days) were performed.Results. No statistically significant differences were found between the standard and modified models (p = 0.351). The mean ΔW was −0.37 % (median 0.55 %; range −9.12 to +3.18 %). No correlation was observed between ΔW and the time gap (ranging from 2 to 10 days) (ρ = –0.039; p = 0.825). In the stratified subgroups, the change in MSE was not significant: for low variability –0.66 % (p = 0.962), for moderate −3.44 % (p = 0.118), and for high +1.65 % (p = 0.119). The Bland–Altman plot confirmed good agreement between the models (95 % limits of agreement from −5.93 % to +5.19 %).Conclusion. When the time lag between cohorts is up to 10 days and procedures are strictly standardized, inclusion of the “Group” factor in the ANOVA model does not lead to a clinically meaningful change in the confidence interval width or residual variance, irrespective of the drug’s inherent variability. This allows studies to be conducted with group separation without the risk of unjustified widening of the confidence interval. The EAEU regulatory framework needs to be updated in line with the current ICH M13A recommendations. The “Group” factor is primarily an organizational component imposed by regulators, rather than a factor that can seriously affect the BE conclusion.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>клинические исследования</kwd><kwd>биоэквивалентность</kwd><kwd>ANOVA</kwd><kwd>модификация модели</kwd><kwd>фактор группы</kwd><kwd>регуляторные требования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>clinical trials</kwd><kwd>bioequivalence</kwd><kwd>ANOVA</kwd><kwd>model modification</kwd><kwd>group factor</kwd><kwd>regulatory requirements</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patterson S. A Review of the Development of Biostatistical Design and Analysis Techniques for Assessing In Vivo Bioequivalence: Part Two. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2001; 63(3):69-186. 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