phkineticaФармакокинетика и ФармакодинамикаPharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics2587-78362686-8830ООО «Издательство ОКИ»10.37489/2587-7836-2025-4-46-58phkinetica-485Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSИшемический инсульт и кардиоваскулярная коморбидностьIschemic stroke and cardiovascular comorbidityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9139-2334ЛитвиноваС. А.LitvinovaS. A.

Литвинова Светлана Александровна — д. б. н., в. н. с. лаборатории фармакологии неврологических заболеваний отдела нейропсихофармакологии

Москва

Svetlana A. Litvinova — PhD, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Leading Researcher Head of the Laboratory of Pharmacology of Neurological Diseases

Moscow

sa_litvinova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7065-469XВоронинаТ. А.VoroninaT. A.

Воронина Татьяна Александровна — д. м. н., профессор, г. н. с., руководитель отдела нейропсихофармакологии, заведующий лабораторией фармакологии психических заболеваний

Москва

Tatiana A. Voronina — PhD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor, Chief Scientific Officer, Head of the Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Head of the Laboratory of Pharmacology of Mental Diseases

Moscow

voronina_ta@academpharm.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0442-1761ГаньшинаТ. С.GanshinaT. S.

Ганьшина Тамара Сергеевна — д. б. н., г. н. с. лаборатории фармакологии неврологических заболеваний отдела нейропсихофармакологии

Москва

Tamara S. Ganshina — PhD, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Chief Scientific Officer of the Laboratory of Pharmacology of Neurological Diseases

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4585-7142ГладышеваН. А.GladyshevaN. A.

Гладышева Наталья Андреевна — м. н. с. лаборатории фармакологии неврологических заболеваний отдела нейропсихофармакологии

Москва

Natalia A. Gladysheva — Junior Researcher of the Laboratory of Pharmacology of Neurological Diseases

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7061-6706ШойбоновБ. Б.ShoibonovB. B.

Шойбонов Батожаб Батожаргалович — к. х. н., в. н. с. лаборатории молекулярной фармакологии

Москва

Batozhab B. Shoibonov — PhD, Cand. Sci. (Chemical), Leading Researcher of Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-7516ВититноваМ. Б.VititnovaM. B.

Вититнова Марина Борисовна — к. б. н., в. н. с. лаборатории фармакологии кровообращения

Москва

Marina B. Vititnova — PhD, Cand. Sci. (Biology), Leading Researcher of Laboratory of Circulation Pharmacology

Moscow

vititnova_mb@academpharm.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-4739КрыжановскийС. А.KryzhanovskiiS. A.

Крыжановский Сергей Александрович — д. м. н., зав. лабораторией фармакологии кровообращения

Москва

Sergey A. Kryzhanovskii — PhD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of Laboratory of Circulation Pharmacology

Moscow

kryzhanovskij_sa@academpharm.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-3584-3742ДорофеевВ. Л.DorofeevV. L.

Дорофеев Владимир Львович — д. фарм. н., профессор, и. о. генерального директора

Москва

Vladimir L. Dorofeev — PhD, Dr. Sci. (Pharm), Professor, Acting General Director

Moscow

dorofeev_vl@academpharm.ruФГБНУ «ФИЦ оригинальных и перспективных биомедицинских и фармацевтических технологий»РоссияFederal research center for innovator and emerging biomedical and pharmaceutical technologiesRussian Federation202530122025044658Copyright © Литвинова С.А., Воронина Т.А., Ганьшина Т.С., Гладышева Н.А., Шойбонов Б.Б., Вититнова М.Б., Крыжановский С.А., Дорофеев В.Л., 20262026Литвинова С.А., Воронина Т.А., Ганьшина Т.С., Гладышева Н.А., Шойбонов Б.Б., Вититнова М.Б., Крыжановский С.А., Дорофеев В.Л.Litvinova S.A., Voronina T.A., Ganshina T.S., Gladysheva N.A., Shoibonov B.B., Vititnova M.B., Kryzhanovskii S.A., Dorofeev V.L.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.pharmacokinetica.ru/jour/article/view/485

В обзоре представлены данные распространённости и коморбидности сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ), которые являются факторами риска развития острого нарушения мозгового кровотока (ОНМК) или инфаркта миокарда (ИМ) и рисками неблагоприятного исхода. ССЗ имеют различные маркеры церебральных поражений, проявляющиеся снижением когнитивных функций вплоть до развития деменции. Основным патогенетическим механизмом развития ОНМК, связанным с ССЗ, является снижение церебрального кровотока, уменьшение плотности микроциркуляторной сети, т. е. развитие цереброваскулярной недостаточности. У большинства пациентов с церебральными поражениями вследствие перенесённого ОНМК выявляется сопутствующая кардиальная патология, влияющая на течение постинсультного периода и выживаемость больных. В свою очередь, перенесённое ОНМК вызывает кардиальные осложнения и/или появление вновь диагностированных ССЗ вследствие нарушения вегетативной регуляции сердечно-сосудистой системы, а также гемодинамических механизмов.

This review presents data on the prevalence and comorbidities of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which are risk factors for the development of acute cerebrovascular accident (ACVA) or myocardial infarction (MI) and the risk of adverse outcomes. CVDs have various markers of cerebral damage, it’s manifested by cognitive decline and down to the development of dementia. The primary pathogenetic mechanism for the development of stroke-associated cardiovascular disease is decreasing cerebral blood flow and microcirculatory network density, i.e. the development of cerebrovascular insufficiency. Most patients with cerebral lesions following stroke have concomitant cardiac pathology, which impacts the post-stroke period and patient survival. In turn, stroke causes cardiac complications and/or the development of newly diagnosed cardiovascular diseases due to impaired autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system and hemodynamic mechanisms.

инсультОНМКинфаркт миокардасердечно-сосудистые заболеваниякардиоваскулярная коморбидностьstrokeACVAmyocardial infarctioncardiovascular diseasescardiovascular comorbidityРабота выполнена в рамках ГЗ № 1024032800243-3-3.1.5The work was carried out within the framework of State Assignment No. 1024032800243-3-3.1.5.ReferencesRoth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al; GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Dec 22;76(25):2982-3021. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010.Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al; GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Dec 22;76(25):2982-3021. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010.Townsend N, Kazakiewicz D, Lucy Wright F, et al. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022 Feb;19(2):133-143. doi: 10.1038/s41569-021-00607-3.Townsend N, Kazakiewicz D, Lucy Wright F, et al. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022 Feb;19(2):133-143. doi: 10.1038/s41569-021-00607-3.Российский статистический ежегодник. 2022: Статистический сборник Росстат. — M., 2022. — 691 с.Russian Statistical Yearbook. 2022: Statistical Collection by Rosstat. Moscow, 2022. (In Russ.).Косолапов В.П., Ярмонова М.В. Анализ высокой сердечно-сосудистой заболеваемости и смертности взрослого населения как медико-социальной проблемы и поиск путей ее решения. Уральский медицинский журнал. 2021;20(1):58-64. 10/52420/2071-5943-2021-20-1-58-64Kosolapov VP, Yarmonova MV. The analysis of high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the adult population as a medical and social problem and the search for ways to solve it. Ural Medical Journal. 2021;20(1):58-64. (In Russ.). DOI: 10/52420/2071-5943-2021-20-1-58-64Толпыгина С. Н., Загребельный А. В., Чернышева М. И., и др. Отдаленная выживаемость больных, перенесших острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения, в регистре РЕГИОН-М, в зависимости от пола и возраста. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2023;22(7):3596. doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3596. EDN EVMQFDTolpygina SN, Zagrebelny AV, Chernysheva MI, et al. Long-term survival of patients with cerebrovascular accident, depending on sex and age: data from the REGION-M registry. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2023;22(7):3596. (In Russ.). doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3596. EDN EVMQFDSennfält S, Pihlsgård M, Petersson J, et al. Long-term outcome after ischemic stroke in relation to comorbidity - An observational study from the Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke). Eur Stroke J. 2020 Mar;5(1):36-46. doi: 10.1177/2396987319883154.Sennfält S, Pihlsgård M, Petersson J, et al. Long-term outcome after ischemic stroke in relation to comorbidity - An observational study from the Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke). Eur Stroke J. 2020 Mar;5(1):36-46. doi: 10.1177/2396987319883154.Лукьянов М.М., Гомова Т.А., Марцевич С.Ю., и др. Больные с фибрилляцией предсердий после выписки из многопрофильного стационара: анализ риска смерти и ее причин по данным 10 лет наблюдения. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2024;23(12):4263. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2024-4263. EDN UGPCWXLuk'yanov MM, Gomova TA, Martsevich SYu, et al. Patients with atrial fibrillation after discharge from a multidisciplinary hospital: analysis ofdeath risk and its causes based on 10-year follow-up data. Cardiovas cular Therapy and Prevention. 2024;23(12):4263. (In Russ.). doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2024-4263. EDN UGPCWXЛукьянов М. М., Марцевич С. Ю., Якушин С. С., и др. Отдаленные исходы у больных сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями в амбулаторно-поликлинической практике: данные 10-летнего наблюдения в рамках регистра РЕКВАЗА. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2024;23(12):4269. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2024-4269. EDN: ROSGNELuk'yanov MM, Martsevich SYu, Yakushin SS, et al. Remote outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases in outpatient practice: data from a 10-year follow-up within the RECVAZA registry. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2024;23(12):4269. (In Russ.). doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2024-4269. EDN: ROSGNESacco S, Foschi M, Ornello R, et al. Prevention and treatment of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in people with diabetes mellitus: a focus on glucose control and comorbidities. Diabetologia. 2024 Jul;67(7):1192-1205. doi: 10.1007/s00125-024-06146-z.Sacco S, Foschi M, Ornello R, et al. Prevention and treatment of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in people with diabetes mellitus: a focus on glucose control and comorbidities. Diabetologia. 2024 Jul;67(7):1192-1205. doi: 10.1007/s00125-024-06146-z.GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Oct;20(10):795-820. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0.GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Oct;20(10):795-820. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0.Гаврилова Н.Е., Метельская В.А., Перова Н.В., и др. Выбор метода количественной оценки поражения коронарных артерий на основе сравнительного анализа ангиографических шкал. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2014;6(110):24-29. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2014-6-24-29.Gavrilova NE, Metelskaya VA, Perova NV, et al. Selection for the quantitative evaluation method of coronary arteries based upon comparative analysis of angiographic scales. Russ J Cardiol. 2014;6(110):24-29. (In Russ.). doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2014-6-24-29.Румянцева С.А., Ступин В.А., Афанасьев В.В., и др. Современные подходы к коррекции когнитивных расстройств у больных с сосудистой коморбидностью. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2013;9(2):158-162. doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2013-9-2-158-162.Rumyantseva SA, Stupin VA, Afanas'ev VV, et al. Contemporary approach to the correction of cognitive disorders in patients with vascular comorbidity. Ration Pharmacother Cardiol. 2013;9(2):158-162. (In Russ.). doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2013-9-2-158-162.Singleton MJ, Imtiaz-Ahmad M, Kamel H, et al. Association of Atrial Fibrillation Without Cardiovascular Comorbidities and Stroke Risk: From the REGARDS Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jun 16;9(12):e016380. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.016380.Singleton MJ, Imtiaz-Ahmad M, Kamel H, et al. Association of Atrial Fibrillation Without Cardiovascular Comorbidities and Stroke Risk: From the REGARDS Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jun 16;9(12):e016380. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.016380.Ko D, Chung MK, Evans PT, et al. Atrial Fibrillation: A Review. JAMA. 2025 Jan 28;333(4):329-342. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.22451.Ko D, Chung MK, Evans PT, et al. Atrial Fibrillation: A Review. JAMA. 2025 Jan 28;333(4):329-342. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.22451.Лукьянов М.М., Андреенко Е.Ю., Марцевич С.Ю., и др. Больные с фибрилляцией предсердий в клинической практике: коморбидность, медикаментозное лечение и исходы (данные регистров РЕКВАЗА). Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2020;16(6):888-898. doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2020-12-01.Loukianov MM, Andrenko EYu, Martsevich SYu, et al. Patients with Atrial Fibrillation in Clinical Practice: Comorbidity, Drug Treatment and Outcomes (Data from RECVASA Registries). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2020;16(6):888-898. (In Russ.). doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2020-12-01.Бокерия Л.А., Бокерия О.Л., Хубулова Л.Н., и др. Особенности течения, факторы риска и отдаленные результаты различных методов хирургического лечения фибрилляции предсердий у женщин. Анналы аритмологии. 2022;19(2):64-77. doi: 10.15275/annaritmol.2022.2.1.Bokeriya LA, Bokeriya OL, Khubu lova LN et al. Features of appearance the course, risk factorsand long-term results of various methods of surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation in women. Annaly aritmologii. 2022;19(2):64-77. (In Russ.). doi: 10.15275/annaritmol.2022.2.1.Chakkarai S, Le Grand Q, Shaoxuan LW, et al M. Unravelling the genetic architecture of cerebral small vessel disease in the context of stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 2025;0(0). doi:10.1177/0271678X251362977.Chakkarai S, Le Grand Q, Shaoxuan LW, et al M. Unravelling the genetic architecture of cerebral small vessel disease in the context of stroke. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 2025;0(0). doi:10.1177/0271678X251362977.Cannistraro RJ, Badi M, Eidelman BH, et al. CNS small vessel disease: A clinical review. Neurology. 2019 Jun 11;92(24):1146-1156. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007654.Cannistraro RJ, Badi M, Eidelman BH, et al. CNS small vessel disease: A clinical review. Neurology. 2019 Jun 11;92(24):1146-1156. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007654.Romero JR, Beiser A, Himali JJ, et al. Cerebral microbleeds and risk of incident dementia: the Framingham Heart Study. Neurobiol Aging. 2017 Jun;54:94-99. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.02.018.Romero JR, Beiser A, Himali JJ, et al. Cerebral microbleeds and risk of incident dementia: the Framingham Heart Study. Neurobiol Aging. 2017 Jun;54:94-99. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.02.018.Petrea RE, Pinheiro A, Demissie S, et al. Hypertension Trends and White Matter Brain Injury in the Offspring Framingham Heart Study Cohort. Hypertension. 2024 Jan;81(1):87-95. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21264.Petrea RE, Pinheiro A, Demissie S, et al. Hypertension Trends and White Matter Brain Injury in the Offspring Framingham Heart Study Cohort. Hypertension. 2024 Jan;81(1):87-95. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21264.Gallacher KI, Jani BD, Hanlon P, et al. Multimorbidity in Stroke. Stroke. 2019 Jul;50(7):1919-1926. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.020376.Gallacher KI, Jani BD, Hanlon P, et al. Multimorbidity in Stroke. Stroke. 2019 Jul;50(7):1919-1926. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.020376.Gruneir A, Griffith LE, Fisher K, et al. Increasing comorbidity and health services utilization in older adults with prior stroke. Neurology. 2016 Nov 15;87(20):2091-2098. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003329.Gruneir A, Griffith LE, Fisher K, et al. Increasing comorbidity and health services utilization in older adults with prior stroke. Neurology. 2016 Nov 15;87(20):2091-2098. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003329.Corraini P, Szépligeti SK, Henderson VW, et al. Comorbidity and the increased mortality after hospitalization for stroke: a population-based cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2018 Feb;16(2):242-252. doi: 10.1111/jth.13908.Corraini P, Szépligeti SK, Henderson VW, et al. Comorbidity and the increased mortality after hospitalization for stroke: a population-based cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2018 Feb;16(2):242-252. doi: 10.1111/jth.13908.Broughton BR, Reutens DC, Sobey CG. Apoptotic mechanisms after cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2009 May;40(5):e331-9. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.531632.Broughton BR, Reutens DC, Sobey CG. Apoptotic mechanisms after cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2009 May;40(5):e331-9. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.531632.Brouns R, Sheorajpanday R, Wauters A, et al. Evaluation of lactate as a marker of metabolic stress and cause of secondary damage in acute ischemic stroke or TIA. Clin Chim Acta. 2008 Nov;397(1-2):27-31. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.07.016.Brouns R, Sheorajpanday R, Wauters A, et al. Evaluation of lactate as a marker of metabolic stress and cause of secondary damage in acute ischemic stroke or TIA. Clin Chim Acta. 2008 Nov;397(1-2):27-31. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.07.016.Salvagno M, Sterchele ED, Zaccarelli M, et al. Oxidative Stress and Cerebral Vascular Tone: The Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Mar 5;25(5):3007. doi: 10.3390/ijms25053007.Salvagno M, Sterchele ED, Zaccarelli M, et al. Oxidative Stress and Cerebral Vascular Tone: The Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Mar 5;25(5):3007. doi: 10.3390/ijms25053007.Xue S, Zhou X, Yang ZH, et al. Stroke-induced damage on the bloodbrain barrier. Front Neurol. 2023 Sep 28;14:1248970. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1248970.Xue S, Zhou X, Yang ZH, et al. Stroke-induced damage on the bloodbrain barrier. Front Neurol. 2023 Sep 28;14:1248970. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1248970.Rempe RG, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. Matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and blood-brain barrier: Versatile breakers and makers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016 Sep;36(9):1481-507. doi: 10.1177/0271678X16655551.Rempe RG, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. Matrix metalloproteinases in the brain and blood-brain barrier: Versatile breakers and makers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2016 Sep;36(9):1481-507. doi: 10.1177/0271678X16655551.Li X, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Zhou J. Glial and Vascular Cell Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J. 2022 Mar;46(2):222-238. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0146.Li X, Cai Y, Zhang Z, Zhou J. Glial and Vascular Cell Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Diabetes. Diabetes Metab J. 2022 Mar;46(2):222-238. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0146.White BC, Sullivan JM, DeGracia DJ, et al. Brain ischemia and reperfusion: molecular mechanisms of neuronal injury. J Neurol Sci. 2000 Oct 1;179(S 1-2):1-33. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00386-5.White BC, Sullivan JM, DeGracia DJ, et al. Brain ischemia and reperfusion: molecular mechanisms of neuronal injury. J Neurol Sci. 2000 Oct 1;179(S 1-2):1-33. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(00)00386-5.Nowaczewska-Kuchta A, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Szpakowski P, Glabinski A. The Role of Neutrophils in Multiple Sclerosis and Ischemic Stroke. Brain Sci. 2024 Apr 25;14(5):423. doi: 10.3390/brainsci14050423.Nowaczewska-Kuchta A, Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Szpakowski P, Glabinski A. The Role of Neutrophils in Multiple Sclerosis and Ischemic Stroke. Brain Sci. 2024 Apr 25;14(5):423. doi: 10.3390/brainsci14050423.Norenberg MD, Rao KV. The mitochondrial permeability transition in neurologic disease. Neurochem Int. 2007 Jun;50(7-8):983-97. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.02.008.Norenberg MD, Rao KV. The mitochondrial permeability transition in neurologic disease. Neurochem Int. 2007 Jun;50(7-8):983-97. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.02.008.Zong Y, Li H, Liao P, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024 May 15;9(1):124. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01839-8Zong Y, Li H, Liao P, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024 May 15;9(1):124. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01839-8Guada M, Beloqui A, Kumar MN, et al. Reformulating cyclosporine A (CsA): More than just a life cycle management strategy. J Control Release. 2016 Mar 10;225:269-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.056.Guada M, Beloqui A, Kumar MN, et al. Reformulating cyclosporine A (CsA): More than just a life cycle management strategy. J Control Release. 2016 Mar 10;225:269-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.056.Fricker M, Tolkovsky AM, Borutaite V, et al. Neuronal Cell Death. Physiol Rev. 2018 Apr 1;98(2):813-880. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2017.Fricker M, Tolkovsky AM, Borutaite V, et al. Neuronal Cell Death. Physiol Rev. 2018 Apr 1;98(2):813-880. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2017.Парфенов В.А., Остроумова Т.М., Перепелова Е.М., и др. Перфузия головного мозга, когнитивные функции и сосудистый возраст у пациентов среднего возраста с эссенциальной артериальной гипертензией. Кардиология. 2018;58(5):23-31. doi: 10.18087/cardio.2018.5.10117.Parfenov VA, Ostroumova TM, Perepelova EM, et al. Brain Perfusion, Cognitive Functions, and Vascular Age in Middle Aged Patients With Essential Arterial Hypertension. Kardiologiia. 2018;58(5):23-31. (In Russ.). doi: 10.18087/cardio.2018.5.10117.Ovsenik A, Podbregar M, Fabjan A. Cerebral blood flow impairment and cognitive decline in heart failure. Brain Behav. 2021 Jun;11(6):e02176. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2176.Ovsenik A, Podbregar M, Fabjan A. Cerebral blood flow impairment and cognitive decline in heart failure. Brain Behav. 2021 Jun;11(6):e02176. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2176.Акимова Н.С., Бугаева О.В., Соколов И.М., и др. Значение параметров тяжести хронической сердечной недостаточности в оценке когнитивной дисфункции у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца. Терапия. 2021;7(3):20-27. doi: 10.18565/therapy.2021.3.20-27.Akimova NS, Bugaeva OV, Sokolov IM, et al. Znachenie parametrov tyazhesti khronicheskoi serdechnoi nedostatochnosti v otsenke kognitivnoi disfunktsii u patsientov s ishemicheskoi bolezn'yu serdtsa. Terapiya. 2021;7(3):20-27. (In Russ.). doi: 10.18565/therapy.2021.3.20-27.Fatema K, Bailey KR, Petty GW, et al. Increased left atrial volume index: potent biomarker for first-ever ischemic stroke. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008 Oct;83(10):1107-15. doi: 10.4065/83.10.1107.Fatema K, Bailey KR, Petty GW, et al. Increased left atrial volume index: potent biomarker for first-ever ischemic stroke. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008 Oct;83(10):1107-15. doi: 10.4065/83.10.1107.Mizia-Stec K, Gimeno JR, Charron P, et al; EORP Cardiomyopathy Registry Investigators. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation: the Cardiomyopathy/Myocarditis Registry of the EURObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology. Open Heart. 2025 Feb 17;12(1):e002876. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2024-002876.Mizia-Stec K, Gimeno JR, Charron P, et al; EORP Cardiomyopathy Registry Investigators. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation: the Cardiomyopathy/Myocarditis Registry of the EURObservational Research Programme of the European Society of Cardiology. Open Heart. 2025 Feb 17;12(1):e002876. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2024-002876.Мусина Н.П. Оценка риска развития ишемического инсульта (инфаркта мозга) у больных с артериальной гипертензией. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата медицинских наук. — Москва; 2010. Доступно по: https://medical-diss.com/medicina/otsenka-riska-razvitiyaishemicheskogo-insulta-infarkta-mozga-u-bolnyh-arterialnoy-gipertenziey Ссылка активна на 05.12.2025.Musina NP. Assessment of the risk of developing an ischemic stroke (cerebral infarction) in patients with arterial hypertension. Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Medical Sciences. Moscow; 2010. (In Russ.). Доступно по: https://medical-diss.com/medicina/otsenka-riska-razvitiyaishemicheskogo-insulta-infarkta-mozga-u-bolnyh-arterialnoy-gipertenziey Ссылка активна на 05.12.2025.Фонякин А.В., Машин В.В., Гераскина Л.А., Машин В.В. Кардиогенная энцефалопатия. Факторы риска и подходы к терапии. Consilium Medicum. 2012;14(2):5-9.Fonyakin AV, Mashin VV, Geraskina LA, Mashin VV. Kardiogennaya entsefalopatiya. Faktory riska i podkhody k terapii. Consilium Medicum. 2012;14(2):5-9. (In Russ.).Кузнецова О. О., Никулина С. Ю., Матюшин Г. В., и др. Предикторы развития хронической сердечной недостаточности у пациентов с кардиомиопатиями различного генеза. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2023;28(10):5509. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5509. EDN GVABICKuznetsova OO, Nikulina SYu, Matyushin GV, et al. Predictors of heart failure in patients with cardiomyopathies of various origins. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2023;28(10):5509. (In Russ.). doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5509. EDN GVABICАксенов А.И., Полунина О.С. Особенности ремоделирования миокарда у больных с постинфарктным кардиосклерозом и дилатационной кардиомиопатией ишемического генеза. Вестник ДГМА. 2018;1(26):12-16.Aksenov AI, Polunina OS. Features of myocardium remodeling in patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis and dilatated cardiomyopathy ischemic genesis. Bulletin of Dagestan State Medical Academy. 2018;1(26):12-16. (In Russ.).Фонякин АВ, Гераскина ЛА. Кардиоэмболический инсульт: классификация причин и стратегии профилактики. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021;13(6):4-13. doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-4-13.Fonyakin AV, Geraskina LA. Cardioembolic stroke: classification of causes and prevention strategies. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika = Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021;13(6):4-13. (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-4-13.Басанцова Н.Ю., Шишкин А.Н., Тибекина Л.М. Цереброкардиальный синдром и его особенности у пациентов с острыми нарушениями мозгового кровообращения. Вестник СПбГУ. Медицина. 2017;12(1):31-47. doi: 10.21638/11701/spbu11.2017.103.Basantsova NYu, Shishkin AN, Tibekina LM. Cerebralcardiac syndrome and its manifestation after acute stroke. Vestnik SРbSU. Medicine. 2017;12(1):31-47. (In Russ.). doi: 10.21638/11701/spbu11.2017.103.Ослопов В.Н., Хазова Е.В., Ослопова Ю.В., и др. Стрессиндуцированная неишемическая кардиомиопатия (синдром «такоцубо») — общность происхождения и неоднородность проявлений. Клиническое наблюдение. Практическая медицина. 2019;17(2):145-152. doi: 10.32000/2072-1757-2019-2-145-152.Oslopov VN, Khazova EV, Oslopova YuV, et al. Stress-induced non-ischemic cardiomyopathy («takotsubo» syndrome) — common origin and heterogeneity of manifestations. Clinical observation. Practical medicine. 2019;17(2):145-152. (In Russ.). doi: 10.32000/2072-1757-2019-2-145-152.Шандалин В.А., Фонякин А.В., Гераскина Л.А., Суслина З.А. Прогностические факторы кардиальных осложнений после ишемического инсульта (по результатам проспективного наблюдения). Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2014;13(5):64-69. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2014-5-64-69.Shandalin VA, Fonyakin AV, Geraskina LA, Suslina ZA. Prognostic factors of cardiac complications after ischemic stroke (by the results of prospective study). Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2014;13(5):64-69. (In Russ.). doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2014-5-64-69.Dütsch M, Burger M, Dörfler C, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic function in poststroke patients. Neurology. 2007 Dec 11;69(24):2249-55. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000286946.06639.a7.Dütsch M, Burger M, Dörfler C, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic function in poststroke patients. Neurology. 2007 Dec 11;69(24):2249-55. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000286946.06639.a7.Прекина В.И., Самолькина О.Г. Анализ вариабельности ритма сердца при ишемическом инсульте в зависимости от тяжести и локализации очага. Архивъ внутренней медицины. 2014;5(19):42-46. doi: 10.20514/2226-6704-2014-0-5-42-46.Prekina VI, Samol'kina OG. Analysis of heart rate variability in ischemic stroke, depending on the severity and location of the lesion. The Russian Archives of Internal Medicine. 2014;(5):42-46. (In Russ.). doi: 10.20514/2226-6704-2014-0-5-42-46.Струтынский А., Баранова А., Бородин С., и др. Вегетативная регуляция функций сердечно-сосудистой системы при гипертоническом кризе и остром мозговом инсульте. Врач. 2012;23(4):23-26.Strutynskii A, Baranova A, Borodin S, et al. Autonomic regulation of cardiovascular system functions in hypertensive crisis and acute cerebral stroke. Vrach (The Doctor). 2012;23(4):23-26. (In Russ.).Прекина В.И., Самолькина О.Г. Вариабельность ритма сердца. В книге: Прекина Валентина Ивановна. Препараты метаболического действия в комплексной терапии цереброкардиального синдрома при ишемическом инсульте [Текст] : монография / В. Прекина, О. Г. Самолькина ; Российская акад. естествознания. Москва : Изд. дом Акад. естествознания, 2014.Prekina VI, Samol'kina OG. Heart rate variability. In the book: Prekina Valentina Ivanovna. Drugs of metabolic action in the complex therapy of cerebrocardial syndrome in ischemic stroke [Text] : monograph / V. Prekina, O. G. Samolkina ; Russian Academy of Sciences. natural sciences. Moscow : Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. Natural sciences, 2014. (In Russ.). ISBN 978-5-91327-283-6.Прекина В.И., Чернова И.Ю. Нарушения ритма сердца у пациентов с ишемическим инсультом. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2018;(5). Доступно по: https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=28003 Ссылка активна на 05.12.2025.Prekina VI, Chernova IYu. Of arrhythmias in patients with ischemic stroke. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2018;(5). (In Russ.). Доступно по: https://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=28003 Ссылка активна на 05.12.2025.Ogoh S, Sugawara J, Shibata S. Does Cardiac Function Affect Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation? J Clin Med. 2022 Oct 13;11(20):6043. doi: 10.3390/jcm11206043.Ogoh S, Sugawara J, Shibata S. Does Cardiac Function Affect Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation? J Clin Med. 2022 Oct 13;11(20):6043. doi: 10.3390/jcm11206043.Colivicchi F, Bassi A, Santini M, Caltagirone C. Prognostic implications of right-sided insular damage, cardiac autonomic derangement, and arrhythmias after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2005 Aug;36(8):1710-5. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000173400.19346.bd.Colivicchi F, Bassi A, Santini M, Caltagirone C. Prognostic implications of right-sided insular damage, cardiac autonomic derangement, and arrhythmias after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2005 Aug;36(8):1710-5. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000173400.19346.bd.Tokgözoglu SL, Batur MK, Topçuoglu MA, et al. Effects of stroke localization on cardiac autonomic balance and sudden death. Stroke. 1999 Jul;30(7):1307-11. doi: 10.1161/01.str.30.7.1307.Tokgözoglu SL, Batur MK, Topçuoglu MA, et al. Effects of stroke localization on cardiac autonomic balance and sudden death. Stroke. 1999 Jul;30(7):1307-11. doi: 10.1161/01.str.30.7.1307.Каленова И.Е., Мелкумова Е.Ю., Ардашев В.Н., и др. Вариабельность сердечного ритма у больных ишемическим инсультом: диагностическая и прогностическая значимость. Кремлевская медицина. Клинический вестник. 2018;3:35-41.Kalenova IE, Melkumova EYu, Ardashev VN, et al. Heart rate variability in ischemic stroke: diagnostic and prognostic significance. Kremljovskaya Medicina. Clinichesky Vestnik. 2018;3:35-41. (In Russ.).Бернадский В.В. Церебро-кардинальные нарушения в остром периоде ишемического инсульта : автореферат дис. ... кандидата медицинских наук. Рос. ун-т дружбы народов. Москва, 2000. 15 с.Bernadskii VV. Cerebro-cardinal disorders in the acute period of ischemic stroke : abstract of dis. ... Candidate of Medical Sciences. Russian University of Peoples' Friendship. Moscow, 2000. (In Russ.).Habib M, et al. Concurrent Cardio-Cerebral Infarction: Meta-Analysis. Mathews J Case Rep. 2023;8(2):87. doi: 10.30654/MJCR.10087.Habib M, et al. Concurrent Cardio-Cerebral Infarction: Meta-Analysis. Mathews J Case Rep. 2023;8(2):87. doi: 10.30654/MJCR.10087.Shi L, Rocha M, Leak RK, et al. A new era for stroke therapy: Integrating neurovascular protection with optimal reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018 Dec;38(12):2073-2091. doi: 10.1177/0271678X18798162.Shi L, Rocha M, Leak RK, et al. A new era for stroke therapy: Integrating neurovascular protection with optimal reperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018 Dec;38(12):2073-2091. doi: 10.1177/0271678X18798162.Zhang H, Faber JE. Transient versus Permanent MCA Occlusion in Mice Genetically Modified to Have Good versus Poor Collaterals. Med One. 2019;4:e190024. doi: 10.20900/mo.20190024.Zhang H, Faber JE. Transient versus Permanent MCA Occlusion in Mice Genetically Modified to Have Good versus Poor Collaterals. Med One. 2019;4:e190024. doi: 10.20900/mo.20190024.Antonic A, Dottori M, Macleod MR, et al. NXY-059, a Failed Stroke Neuroprotectant, Offers No Protection to Stem Cell-Derived Human Neurons. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018 Aug;27(8):2158-2165. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.03.015.Antonic A, Dottori M, Macleod MR, et al. NXY-059, a Failed Stroke Neuroprotectant, Offers No Protection to Stem Cell-Derived Human Neurons. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018 Aug;27(8):2158-2165. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.03.015.Chamorro Á, Dirnagl U, Urra X, Planas AM. Neuroprotection in acute stroke: targeting excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and inflammation. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Jul;15(8):869-881. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00114-9.Chamorro Á, Dirnagl U, Urra X, Planas AM. Neuroprotection in acute stroke: targeting excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and inflammation. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Jul;15(8):869-881. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00114-9.Onetti Y, Dantas AP, Pérez B, et al. Middle cerebral artery remodeling following transient brain ischemia is linked to early postischemic hyperemia: a target of uric acid treatment. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015 Apr 15;308(8):H862-74. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00001.2015.Onetti Y, Dantas AP, Pérez B, et al. Middle cerebral artery remodeling following transient brain ischemia is linked to early postischemic hyperemia: a target of uric acid treatment. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015 Apr 15;308(8):H862-74. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00001.2015.Lyden PD, Diniz MA, Bosetti F, et al. A multi-laboratory preclinical trial in rodents to assess treatment candidates for acute ischemic stroke. Sci Transl Med. 2023 Sep 20;15(714):eadg8656. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg8656.Lyden PD, Diniz MA, Bosetti F, et al. A multi-laboratory preclinical trial in rodents to assess treatment candidates for acute ischemic stroke. Sci Transl Med. 2023 Sep 20;15(714):eadg8656. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg8656.Leira EC, Planas AM, Chauhan AK, Chamorro A. Uric Acid: A Translational Journey in Cerebroprotection That Spanned Preclinical and Human Data. Neurology. 2023 Dec 4;101(23):1068-1074. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207825.Leira EC, Planas AM, Chauhan AK, Chamorro A. Uric Acid: A Translational Journey in Cerebroprotection That Spanned Preclinical and Human Data. Neurology. 2023 Dec 4;101(23):1068-1074. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207825.Patel RB, Kumskova M, Kodali H, et al; SPAN Investigators. Uric Acid Stroke Cerebroprotection Transcended Sex, Age, and Comorbidities in a Multicenter Preclinical Trial. Stroke. 2025 Apr;56(4):965-973. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.124.048748.Patel RB, Kumskova M, Kodali H, et al; SPAN Investigators. Uric Acid Stroke Cerebroprotection Transcended Sex, Age, and Comorbidities in a Multicenter Preclinical Trial. Stroke. 2025 Apr;56(4):965-973. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.124.048748.Amaro S, Jiménez-Altayó F, Chamorro Á. Uric acid therapy for vasculoprotection in acute ischemic stroke. Brain Circ. 2019 Apr-Jun;5(2):55-61. doi: 10.4103/bc.bc_1_19.Amaro S, Jiménez-Altayó F, Chamorro Á. Uric acid therapy for vasculoprotection in acute ischemic stroke. Brain Circ. 2019 Apr-Jun;5(2):55-61. doi: 10.4103/bc.bc_1_19.Kobayashi S, Fukuma S, Ikenoue T, et al. Effect of Edaravone on Neurological Symptoms in Real-World Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 2019 Jul;50(7):1805-1811. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.024351.Kobayashi S, Fukuma S, Ikenoue T, et al. Effect of Edaravone on Neurological Symptoms in Real-World Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 2019 Jul;50(7):1805-1811. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.024351.Kimura K, Aoki J, Sakamoto Y, et al. Administration of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, during t-PA infusion can enhance early recanalization in acute stroke patients--a preliminary study. J Neurol Sci. 2012 Feb 15;313 (1-2):132-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.09.006.Kimura K, Aoki J, Sakamoto Y, et al. Administration of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, during t-PA infusion can enhance early recanalization in acute stroke patients--a preliminary study. J Neurol Sci. 2012 Feb 15;313 (1-2):132-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.09.006.Xiao P, Huang H, Zhao H, et al. Edaravone dexborneol protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced blood-brain barrier damage by inhibiting ferroptosis via activation of nrf-2/HO-1/GPX4 signaling. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024 May 1;217:116-125. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.03.019.Xiao P, Huang H, Zhao H, et al. Edaravone dexborneol protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced blood-brain barrier damage by inhibiting ferroptosis via activation of nrf-2/HO-1/GPX4 signaling. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024 May 1;217:116-125. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.03.019.Chen C, Li M, Lin L, et al. Clinical effects and safety of edaravone in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021 Aug;46(4):907-917. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.13392.Chen C, Li M, Lin L, et al. Clinical effects and safety of edaravone in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021 Aug;46(4):907-917. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.13392.Mortezaei A, Emara M, Habibi MA, et al. Edaravone dexborneol for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroradiol J. 2025 May 8:19714009251340319. doi: 10.1177/19714009251340319.Mortezaei A, Emara M, Habibi MA, et al. Edaravone dexborneol for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroradiol J. 2025 May 8:19714009251340319. doi: 10.1177/19714009251340319.Pérez-Mato M, Dopico-López A, Akkoc Y, et al. Preclinical validation of human recombinant glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. iScience. 2024 Oct 9;27(11):111108. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.111108.Pérez-Mato M, Dopico-López A, Akkoc Y, et al. Preclinical validation of human recombinant glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. iScience. 2024 Oct 9;27(11):111108. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.111108.Xu J, Khoury N, Jackson CW, et al. Ischemic Neuroprotectant PKCε Restores Mitochondrial Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase in the Neuronal NADH Shuttle after Ischemic Injury. Transl Stroke Res. 2020 Jun;11(3):418-432. doi: 10.1007/s12975-019-00729-4.Xu J, Khoury N, Jackson CW, et al. Ischemic Neuroprotectant PKCε Restores Mitochondrial Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase in the Neuronal NADH Shuttle after Ischemic Injury. Transl Stroke Res. 2020 Jun;11(3):418-432. doi: 10.1007/s12975-019-00729-4.Campos F, Sobrino T, Ramos-Cabrer P, et al. High blood glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase levels are associated with good functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Jun;31(6):1387-93. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.4.Campos F, Sobrino T, Ramos-Cabrer P, et al. High blood glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase levels are associated with good functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011 Jun;31(6):1387-93. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.4.Hervella P, Sampedro-Viana A, Fernández-Rodicio S, et al. Precision Medicine for Blood Glutamate Grabbing in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jun 14;25(12):6554. doi: 10.3390/ijms25126554.Hervella P, Sampedro-Viana A, Fernández-Rodicio S, et al. Precision Medicine for Blood Glutamate Grabbing in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jun 14;25(12):6554. doi: 10.3390/ijms25126554.da Silva-Candal A, Pérez-Díaz A, Santamaría M, et al. Clinical validation of blood/brain glutamate grabbing in acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2018 Aug;84(2):260-273. doi: 10.1002/ana.25286da Silva-Candal A, Pérez-Díaz A, Santamaría M, et al. Clinical validation of blood/brain glutamate grabbing in acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2018 Aug;84(2):260-273. doi: 10.1002/ana.25286Mayor-Nunez D, Ji Z, Sun X, et al. Plasmin-resistant PSD-95 inhibitors resolve effect-modifying drug-drug interactions between alteplase and nerinetide in acute stroke. Sci Transl Med. 2021 Apr 7;13(588):eabb1498. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb1498.Mayor-Nunez D, Ji Z, Sun X, et al. Plasmin-resistant PSD-95 inhibitors resolve effect-modifying drug-drug interactions between alteplase and nerinetide in acute stroke. Sci Transl Med. 2021 Apr 7;13(588):eabb1498. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb1498.Haupt M, Gerner ST, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Neuroprotective Strategies for Ischemic Stroke-Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 22;24(5):4334. doi: 10.3390/ijms24054334.Haupt M, Gerner ST, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Neuroprotective Strategies for Ischemic Stroke-Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 22;24(5):4334. doi: 10.3390/ijms24054334.Christenson J, Hill MD, Swartz RH, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous nerinetide initiated by paramedics in the field for acute cerebral ischaemia within 3 h of symptom onset (FRONTIER): a phase 2, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2025 Feb 15;405(10478):571-582. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00193-X.Christenson J, Hill MD, Swartz RH, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous nerinetide initiated by paramedics in the field for acute cerebral ischaemia within 3 h of symptom onset (FRONTIER): a phase 2, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2025 Feb 15;405(10478):571-582. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00193-X.Pérez-Mato M, López-Arias E, Bugallo-Casal A, et al. New Perspectives in Neuroprotection for Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience. 2024 Jul 9;550:30-42. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.017.Pérez-Mato M, López-Arias E, Bugallo-Casal A, et al. New Perspectives in Neuroprotection for Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience. 2024 Jul 9;550:30-42. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.017.Tan L, Liu Q, Chen S, et al. Neuroprotective effects of all-transretinoic acid are mediated via downregulation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2024 Oct;29(4):276-283. doi: 10.17712/nsj.2024.4.20240010.Tan L, Liu Q, Chen S, et al. Neuroprotective effects of all-transretinoic acid are mediated via downregulation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2024 Oct;29(4):276-283. doi: 10.17712/nsj.2024.4.20240010.Tian DC, Shi K, Zhu Z, et al. Fingolimod enhances the efficacy of delayed alteplase administration in acute ischemic stroke by promoting anterograde reperfusion and retrograde collateral flow. Ann Neurol. 2018 Nov;84(5):717-728. doi: 10.1002/ana.25352.Tian DC, Shi K, Zhu Z, et al. Fingolimod enhances the efficacy of delayed alteplase administration in acute ischemic stroke by promoting anterograde reperfusion and retrograde collateral flow. Ann Neurol. 2018 Nov;84(5):717-728. doi: 10.1002/ana.25352.Campos F, Qin T, Castillo J, et al. Fingolimod reduces hemorrhagic transformation associated with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment in a mouse thromboembolic model. Stroke. 2013 Feb;44(2):505-11. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.679043.Campos F, Qin T, Castillo J, et al. Fingolimod reduces hemorrhagic transformation associated with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment in a mouse thromboembolic model. Stroke. 2013 Feb;44(2):505-11. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.679043.Yang Y, Wang W, Tian Y, Shi J. Sirtuin 3 and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP): A systematic review. Mitochondrion. 2022 May;64:103-111. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.004.Yang Y, Wang W, Tian Y, Shi J. Sirtuin 3 and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP): A systematic review. Mitochondrion. 2022 May;64:103-111. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.004.Li Y, Hu K, Li J, et al. Tetrahydroxy Stilbene Glucoside Promotes Mitophagy and Ameliorates Neuronal Injury after Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion via Promoting USP10-Mediated YBX1 Stability. eNeuro. 2024 Oct 25;11(10):ENEURO.0269-24.2024. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0269-24.2024.Li Y, Hu K, Li J, et al. Tetrahydroxy Stilbene Glucoside Promotes Mitophagy and Ameliorates Neuronal Injury after Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion via Promoting USP10-Mediated YBX1 Stability. eNeuro. 2024 Oct 25;11(10):ENEURO.0269-24.2024. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0269-24.2024.Shah FA, Kury LA, Li T, et al. Polydatin Attenuates Neuronal Loss via Reducing Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rat MCAO Models. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Jun 26;10:663. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00663.Shah FA, Kury LA, Li T, et al. Polydatin Attenuates Neuronal Loss via Reducing Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rat MCAO Models. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Jun 26;10:663. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00663.Schimith LE, Dos Santos MG, Arbo BD, et al. Polydatin as a therapeutic alternative for central nervous system disorders: A systematic review of animal studies. Phytother Res. 2022 Jul;36(7):2852-2877. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7497.Schimith LE, Dos Santos MG, Arbo BD, et al. Polydatin as a therapeutic alternative for central nervous system disorders: A systematic review of animal studies. Phytother Res. 2022 Jul;36(7):2852-2877. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7497.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.