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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">phkinetica</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фармакокинетика и Фармакодинамика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-7836</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8830</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство ОКИ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37489/2587-7836-2024-2-20-25</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">GNQFQA</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">phkinetica-415</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДОКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ФАРМАКОДИНАМИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PRECLINICAL PHARMACODYNAMICS STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспериментальное изучение противовоспалительной активности диклофенака в сверхмалых дозах на модели острого каррагенинового воспаления</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental study of the anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac in ultra-low doses on a model of acute carrageenan inflammation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-6539</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махмудова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhmudova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Махмудова Одина Алишеровна, аспирант 3-го года обучения, ассистент кафедры внутренних болезней Института фундаментальной медицины и биологии</p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Odina A. Makhmudova, Post-graduate student, Assistant, Chair of Internal Diseases</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">odina_24@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5518-4101</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авхадиева</surname><given-names>Г. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avkhadieva</surname><given-names>G. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авхадиева Гузяль Фанисовна, студент 6-го курса Лечебного дела Института фундаментальной медицины и биологии</p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Guzyal F. Avkhadieva, Student, 6 course, General medicine</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2458-283X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хазиахметова</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaziakhmetova</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хазиахметова Вероника Николаевна, к. м. н., доцент кафедры внутренних болезней Института фундаментальной медицины и биологии</p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Veronika N. Khaziakhmetova, PhD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Chair of Internal Diseases</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5773-867X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>Д. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никитин Дмитрий Олегович, ассистент кафедры фармакологии</p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry O. Nikitin, Assistant of the Department of Pharmacology</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3515-0845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семина</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semina</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Семина Ирина Ивановна, д. м. н., профессор кафедры фармакологии, заведующая Центральной научно-исследовательской лабораторией</p><p>Казань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina I. Semina, Dr. Sci (Med.), Professor of the Department of Pharmacology, Head of the Central Research Laboratory</p><p>Kazan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga region) Federal University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>25</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Махмудова О.А., Авхадиева Г.Ф., Хазиахметова В.Н., Никитин Д.О., Семина И.И., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Махмудова О.А., Авхадиева Г.Ф., Хазиахметова В.Н., Никитин Д.О., Семина И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Makhmudova O.A., Avkhadieva G.F., Khaziakhmetova V.N., Nikitin D.O., Semina I.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.pharmacokinetica.ru/jour/article/view/415">https://www.pharmacokinetica.ru/jour/article/view/415</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Лекарственное загрязнение окружающей среды представляет собой глобальную экологическую проблему современности. Увеличение потребления лекарственных средств напрямую влияет на уровень загрязнения различных экосистем, включая водные ресурсы. Недостаточная эффективность существующих методов очистки сточных вод от лекарственных средств приводит к лекарственному загрязнению водных объектов и требует изучения влияния сверхмалых доз лекарственных средств на организм человека и животных. В пробах поверхностных вод г. Казани было обнаружено нестероидное противовоспалительное средство — диклофенак в концентрации 1×10−9 М.</p><p>Цель данного исследования — изучение наличия специфических фармакологических эффектов у диклофенака, обнаруженного в пробах воды в сверхмалых дозах на экспериментальных моделях патологических процессов.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. В эксперименте были использованы 21 самец белой лабораторной мыши, которых поделили на три группы (в каждой по 7 мышей). В течение 4 дней мышам внутрижелудочно были введены дистиллированная вода (контрольная группа), раствор диклофенака 1×10−6 М (экспериментальная группа № 1), раствор диклофенака 1×10−9 М (экспериментальная группа № 2). На пятый день эксперимента было вызвано воспаление с помощью инъекции каррагенина-лямбда (1 %, Sigma) субплантарно в правую заднюю лапу в объёме 0,05 мл. Величину отёка определяли на плетизмометре IITC Life Science (США).</p><p>Результаты экспериментального изучения специфической фармакологической активности диклофенака показали, что диклофенак в сверхмалых дозах 0,32×10−3 мг на 100,0 г массы способен снижать выраженность острого воспаления, вызванного субплантарным введением каррагенина и вызывать НПВС-ассоциированную гастропатию у мышей.</p></sec><sec><title>Вывод</title><p>Вывод. Полученные данные, вероятно, свидетельствуют о потенциальном риске неблагоприятного действия лекарственного загрязнения окружающей среды диклофенаком даже в сверхмалых концентрациях.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Drug pollution of the environment is a global environmental problem of our time. Increased consumption of medicines directly affects the level of pollution of various ecosystems, including water resources. The insufficient efficiency of existing methods for treating wastewater from drugs leads to drug pollution of water bodies and requires studying the effect of ultra-low doses of drugs on the human body and animals. A non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, diclofenac, was detected in surface water samples in Kazan at a concentration of 1×10−9 M.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to study the presence of specific pharmacological effects of diclofenac detected in water samples in ultra-low doses in experimental models of pathological processes.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The experiment used 21 male white laboratory mice, which were divided into three groups (each with 7 mice). For 4 days, mice were intragastrically injected with distilled water (control group), diclofenac solution 1×10−6 M (experimental group No. 1), diclofenac solution 1×10−9 M (experimental group No. 2). On the fifth day of the experiment, inflammation was induced by injecting carrageenan lambda (1 %, Sigma) subplantarly into the right hind paw in a volume of 0.05 ml. The amount of edema was determined using an IITC Life Science plethysmometer (USA).</p><p>The results of an experimental study of the specific pharmacological activity of diclofenac showed that diclofenac in ultra-low doses of 0.32×10−3 mg per 100.0 g of weight is able to reduce the severity of acute inflammation caused by subplantar injection of carrageenan and to cause NSAID-associated gastropathy in mice.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The obtained data likely indicate a potential risk of adverse effects from drug contamination of the environment with diclofenac, even in ultra-low concentrations.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лекарственное загрязнение окружающей среды</kwd><kwd>каррагениновое воспаление</kwd><kwd>сверхмалые дозы диклофенака</kwd><kwd>НПВС-гастропатия у мышей</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>drug pollution of the environment</kwd><kwd>carrageenan inflammation</kwd><kwd>ultra-low doses of diclofenac</kwd><kwd>NSAID gastropathy in mice</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pharmacokinetica.ru [Internet] Mikulic M. Global pharmaceutical industry–statistics &amp; facts. [updated 2024 January10; cited 2024 May 9]. 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