phkineticaФармакокинетика и ФармакодинамикаPharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics2587-78362686-8830ООО «Издательство ОКИ»10.37489/2587-7836-2023-4-15-22phkinetica-388Research ArticleИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ФАРМАКОДИНАМИКИPHARMACODYNAMICS STUDIESПептиды плаценты: антибактериальные эффектыPlacenta peptides: antibacterial effectshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2659-7998ТоршинИ. Ю.TorshinI. Yu.

Торшин Иван Юрьевич - к. ф–м. н., к. х. н., в. н. с. 

Москва 

 

Moscow 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5042-4886БогачеваТ. Е.BogachevaT. E.

Богачева Татьяна Евгеньевна - к. м. н., доцент кафедры фармакологии  

Иваново 

 

Ivanovo 

tatiana.boga4iova@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-710XГромоваО. А.GromovaO. A.

Громова Ольга Алексеевна - д. м. н, профессор, в. н. с. 

Москва 

 

Moscow 

ФГУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» РАН» (ФИЦ ИУ РАН)РоссияFRC "Computer Science and Control" RASRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Ивановская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава РоссииРоссияFSBEI HE "Ivanovo State Medical Academy" MOH RussiaRussian Federation202322012024041522Copyright © Торшин И.Ю., Богачева Т.Е., Громова О.А., 20242024Торшин И.Ю., Богачева Т.Е., Громова О.А.Torshin I.Y., Bogacheva T.E., Gromova O.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.pharmacokinetica.ru/jour/article/view/388

Масс-спектрометрическое секвенирование пептидов в составе Лаеннека указало на наличие в составе препарата 5 пептидов, биологическая активность которых может обуславливать антибактериальные свойства препарата. Наиболее значимым результатом настоящего исследования является нахождение в составе Лаеннека фрагмента антибактериального пептида кателицидина (LL-37), важного витамин-D-зависимого фактора врождённого иммунитета. Другие пептиды Лаеннека способствуют снижению избыточного воспаления посредством ингибирования активности белка NF-kB, опосредующего эффекты ФНО-α.

Mass spectrometric sequencing of peptides in Laennec indicated the presence of 5 peptides in the drug, the biological activity of which may determine the antibacterial properties of the drug. The most significant result of this study is the presence in Laennec of a fragment of the antibacterial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37), an important vitamin D-dependent factor of innate immunity. Other Laennec peptides help reduce excess inflammation by inhibiting the activity of the NF-kB protein, which mediates the effects of TNF-α.

гидролизаты плацентыантибактериальный эффектplacenta hydrolysatesantibacterial effectReferencesГромова О., Торшин И., Гилельс А., и др. Препараты плаценты человека: фундаментальные и клинические исследования. Врач. 2014;(4):67-72. Gromova O, Torshin I, Gilels A, et al. Human placental preparations: basic and clinical studies. Vrach (The Doctor). 2014;(4):67–72. (In Russ.).Громова О., Торшин И., Гилельс А., и др. Препараты плаценты человека: фундаментальные и клинические исследования. Врач. 2014;(4):67-72. Gromova O, Torshin I, Gilels A, et al. Human placental preparations: basic and clinical studies. Vrach (The Doctor). 2014;(4):67–72. (In Russ.).Shukla VK, Rasheed MA, Kumar M, et al. A trial to determine the role of placental extract in the treatment of chronic non-healing wounds. J Wound Care. 2004 May;13(5):177–179. DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2004.13.5.26668.Shukla VK, Rasheed MA, Kumar M, et al. A trial to determine the role of placental extract in the treatment of chronic non-healing wounds. J Wound Care. 2004 May;13(5):177–179. DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2004.13.5.26668.Торшин И., Волков А., Гилельс А., и др. Пептидный состав препарата плаценты человека лаеннек и молекулярные механизмы его воздействия на организм человека. Эстетическая медицина. 2013;XII(1):33–-45. Torshin I, Volkov A, Gilels A, et al. Peptide composition of the human placenta drug Laennec and the molecular mechanisms of its effect on the human body. Aesthetic medicine. 2013;XII(1):33–45. (In Russ.).Торшин И., Волков А., Гилельс А., и др. Пептидный состав препарата плаценты человека лаеннек и молекулярные механизмы его воздействия на организм человека. Эстетическая медицина. 2013;XII(1):33–-45. Torshin I, Volkov A, Gilels A, et al. Peptide composition of the human placenta drug Laennec and the molecular mechanisms of its effect on the human body. Aesthetic medicine. 2013;XII(1):33–45. (In Russ.).Caruselli M, Tigano F. Azione degli estratti di placenta alla Filatov su alcuni fenomeni immunitari [Effect of Filatov's placental extracts on some immunization phenomena]. G Batteriol Immunol. 1953 Sep-Oct;46(1-2):15–23. Undetermined Language.Caruselli M, Tigano F. Azione degli estratti di placenta alla Filatov su alcuni fenomeni immunitari [Effect of Filatov's placental extracts on some immunization phenomena]. G Batteriol Immunol. 1953 Sep-Oct;46(1-2):15–23. Undetermined Language.Kludas M, Knoblauch R. Plazentaextrakt bei Psoriasis [Therapy of psoriasis with placental extract]. Med Klin. 1952 Oct 31;47(44):1459–1461. Undetermined LanguageKludas M, Knoblauch R. Plazentaextrakt bei Psoriasis [Therapy of psoriasis with placental extract]. Med Klin. 1952 Oct 31;47(44):1459–1461. Undetermined LanguageNovikova ZI. Vliianie vzvesi platsenty na immunologicheskie pokazateli i dinamiku kozhnogo protsessa u bol'nykh ladonno-podoshvennym pustuleznym psoriazom [Effect of placenta suspension on the immunologic indicators and dynamics of skin changes in patients with palmar and plantar pustulous psoriasis]. Vestn Dermatol Venerol. 1985 Oct;(10):46–48. Russian.Novikova ZI. Vliianie vzvesi platsenty na immunologicheskie pokazateli i dinamiku kozhnogo protsessa u bol'nykh ladonno-podoshvennym pustuleznym psoriazom [Effect of placenta suspension on the immunologic indicators and dynamics of skin changes in patients with palmar and plantar pustulous psoriasis]. Vestn Dermatol Venerol. 1985 Oct;(10):46–48. Russian.Trebula J. Liecba roztrúsenej mozgomiechovej sklerózy extratom placenty [Therapy of multiple sclerosis with placental extracts]. Bratisl Lek Listy. 1952;32(5-6):313–323. Undetermined Language.Trebula J. Liecba roztrúsenej mozgomiechovej sklerózy extratom placenty [Therapy of multiple sclerosis with placental extracts]. Bratisl Lek Listy. 1952;32(5-6):313–323. Undetermined Language.Dillon RN, Majnarich JJ. Placental extract in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Northwest Med. 1951 September; 50(9):677–679.Dillon RN, Majnarich JJ. Placental extract in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Northwest Med. 1951 September; 50(9):677–679.Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. Part 2: Density properties. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2016;26(3):483–496.Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. Part 2: Density properties. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications. 2016;26(3):483–496.Торшин И.Ю., Згода В.Г., Громова О.А., и др. Анализ лёгкой пептидной фракции Лаеннека методами современной протеомики. Фармакокинетика и Фармакодинамика. 2016;(4):31–42. Torshin IYu, Zgoda VG, Gromova OA, et al. Analysis of the light peptide fraction of Laennec by proteomic methods. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2016;(4):31–42. (In Russ.).Торшин И.Ю., Згода В.Г., Громова О.А., и др. Анализ лёгкой пептидной фракции Лаеннека методами современной протеомики. Фармакокинетика и Фармакодинамика. 2016;(4):31–42. Torshin IYu, Zgoda VG, Gromova OA, et al. Analysis of the light peptide fraction of Laennec by proteomic methods. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2016;(4):31–42. (In Russ.).Agerberth B, Gunne H, Odeberg J, et al. FALL-39, a putative human peptide antibiotic, is cysteine-free and expressed in bone marrow and testis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jan 3;92(1):195–199. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.1.195.Agerberth B, Gunne H, Odeberg J, et al. FALL-39, a putative human peptide antibiotic, is cysteine-free and expressed in bone marrow and testis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jan 3;92(1):195–199. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.1.195.Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B, Odeberg J, et al. The human gene FALL39 and processing of the cathelin precursor to the antibacterial peptide LL-37 in granulocytes. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jun 1;238(2):325–332. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0325z.x.Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B, Odeberg J, et al. The human gene FALL39 and processing of the cathelin precursor to the antibacterial peptide LL-37 in granulocytes. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jun 1;238(2):325–332. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0325z.x.Nabel GJ, Verma IM. Proposed NF-kappa B/I kappa B family nomenclature. Genes Dev. 1993 Nov;7(11):2063. DOI: 10.1101/gad.7.11.2063.Nabel GJ, Verma IM. Proposed NF-kappa B/I kappa B family nomenclature. Genes Dev. 1993 Nov;7(11):2063. DOI: 10.1101/gad.7.11.2063.Sen R, Baltimore D. Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences. Cell. 1986 Aug 29;46(5):705–716. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90346-6.Sen R, Baltimore D. Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences. Cell. 1986 Aug 29;46(5):705–716. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90346-6.Llona-Minguez S, Baiget J, Mackay SP. Small-molecule inhibitors of IκB kinase (IKK) and IKK-related kinases. Pharm Pat Anal. 2013 Jul;2(4):481–498. DOI: 10.4155/ppa.13.31.Llona-Minguez S, Baiget J, Mackay SP. Small-molecule inhibitors of IκB kinase (IKK) and IKK-related kinases. Pharm Pat Anal. 2013 Jul;2(4):481–498. DOI: 10.4155/ppa.13.31.Carter RS, Pennington KN, Ungurait BJ, Ballard DW. In vivo identification of inducible phosphoacceptors in the IKKgamma/NEMO subunit of human IkappaB kinase. J Biol Chem. 2003 May 30;278(22):19642– 19648. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M301705200.Carter RS, Pennington KN, Ungurait BJ, Ballard DW. In vivo identification of inducible phosphoacceptors in the IKKgamma/NEMO subunit of human IkappaB kinase. J Biol Chem. 2003 May 30;278(22):19642– 19648. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M301705200.Frohm M, Gunne H, Bergman AC, et al. Biochemical and antibacterial analysis of human wound and blister fluid. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Apr 1;237(1):86–92. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0086n.x.Frohm M, Gunne H, Bergman AC, et al. Biochemical and antibacterial analysis of human wound and blister fluid. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Apr 1;237(1):86–92. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0086n.x.Marcinkiewicz M, Majewski S. The role of antimicrobial peptides in chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2016 Feb;33(1): 6–12. DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2015.48066.Marcinkiewicz M, Majewski S. The role of antimicrobial peptides in chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2016 Feb;33(1): 6–12. DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2015.48066.Ребров В.Г., Громова О.А. Витамины, макро- и микроэлементы. ГэотарМед, 2008, 986 с. Rebrov VG, Gromova OA. Vitamins, macro- and microelements. GeoTarMed, 2008. (In Russ.).Ребров В.Г., Громова О.А. Витамины, макро- и микроэлементы. ГэотарМед, 2008, 986 с. Rebrov VG, Gromova OA. Vitamins, macro- and microelements. GeoTarMed, 2008. (In Russ.).Торшин И.Ю., Громова О.А., Диброва Е.А., и др. Пептиды в составе препарата Лаеннек, потенцирующие его антивирусные эффекты. Российский Аллергологический Журнал. 2018;6–2017:82–90. Torshin IYu, Gromova OA, Dibrova EA, et al. Peptides in the composition of Laennec that show antiviral effects in the therapy of atopic dermatitis and herpes infection. Russian Allergological Journal. 2018;6–2017:82–90. (In Russ.).Торшин И.Ю., Громова О.А., Диброва Е.А., и др. Пептиды в составе препарата Лаеннек, потенцирующие его антивирусные эффекты. Российский Аллергологический Журнал. 2018;6–2017:82–90. Torshin IYu, Gromova OA, Dibrova EA, et al. Peptides in the composition of Laennec that show antiviral effects in the therapy of atopic dermatitis and herpes infection. Russian Allergological Journal. 2018;6–2017:82–90. (In Russ.).Nakagawa Y, Gallo RL. Endogenous intracellular cathelicidin enhances TLR9 activation in dendritic cells and macrophages. J Immunol. 2015 Feb 1; 194(3):1274–1284. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402388.Nakagawa Y, Gallo RL. Endogenous intracellular cathelicidin enhances TLR9 activation in dendritic cells and macrophages. J Immunol. 2015 Feb 1; 194(3):1274–1284. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402388.Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. part 2: metric approach within the framework of the theory of classification of feature values. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2017;27(2):184–199.Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. part 2: metric approach within the framework of the theory of classification of feature values. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2017;27(2):184–199.Korucu E, Pur Ozyigit L, Ortakoylu MG, et al. Cathelicidin as a link between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2015 Sep 14;32(3):222–227.Korucu E, Pur Ozyigit L, Ortakoylu MG, et al. Cathelicidin as a link between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2015 Sep 14;32(3):222–227.Jeng L, Yamshchikov AV, Judd SE, et al. Alterations in vitamin D status and anti-microbial peptide levels in patients in the intensive care unit with sepsis. J Transl Med. 2009 Apr 23;7:28. DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-28.Jeng L, Yamshchikov AV, Judd SE, et al. Alterations in vitamin D status and anti-microbial peptide levels in patients in the intensive care unit with sepsis. J Transl Med. 2009 Apr 23;7:28. DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-28.Лиманова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Сардарян И.С., и др. Обеспеченность микронутриентами и женское здоровье: интеллектуальный анализ клинико-эпидемиологических данных. Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. 2014;13(2):5–15. Limanova OA, Torshin IYu, Sardaryan IS, et al. Micronutrient provision and women's health: intellectual analysis of clinical and epidemiological data. Issues of gynecology, obstetrics and perinatology. 2014;13(2):5–15. (In Russ.).Лиманова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Сардарян И.С., и др. Обеспеченность микронутриентами и женское здоровье: интеллектуальный анализ клинико-эпидемиологических данных. Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. 2014;13(2):5–15. Limanova OA, Torshin IYu, Sardaryan IS, et al. Micronutrient provision and women's health: intellectual analysis of clinical and epidemiological data. Issues of gynecology, obstetrics and perinatology. 2014;13(2):5–15. (In Russ.).Торшин И.Ю., Лиманова О.А., Сардарян И.С., и др. Обеспеченность витамином D детей и подростков 7-14 лет и взаимосвязь дефицита витамина D с нарушениями здоровья детей: анализ крупномасштабной выборки пациентов посредством интеллектуального анализа данных. Педиатрия. Журнал им. Г.Н. Сперанского. 2015;94(2):175–184. Torshin IYu, Limanova OA, Sardaryan IS, et al. Provision of vitamin d in children and adolescents aged 7 to 14 years and the relationship of deficiency of vitamin d with violations of children’s health: the analysis of a large-scale sample of patients by means of data mining. Journal named after G.N. Speransky. 2015;94(2):175–184. (In Russ.).Торшин И.Ю., Лиманова О.А., Сардарян И.С., и др. Обеспеченность витамином D детей и подростков 7-14 лет и взаимосвязь дефицита витамина D с нарушениями здоровья детей: анализ крупномасштабной выборки пациентов посредством интеллектуального анализа данных. Педиатрия. Журнал им. Г.Н. Сперанского. 2015;94(2):175–184. Torshin IYu, Limanova OA, Sardaryan IS, et al. Provision of vitamin d in children and adolescents aged 7 to 14 years and the relationship of deficiency of vitamin d with violations of children’s health: the analysis of a large-scale sample of patients by means of data mining. Journal named after G.N. Speransky. 2015;94(2):175–184. (In Russ.).Thomi R, Schlapbach C, Yawalkar N, et al. Elevated levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in hidradenitis suppurativa are associated with a Th1/Th17 immune response. Exp Dermatol. 2018 Feb;27(2):172–177. DOI: 10.1111/exd.13482.Thomi R, Schlapbach C, Yawalkar N, et al. Elevated levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in hidradenitis suppurativa are associated with a Th1/Th17 immune response. Exp Dermatol. 2018 Feb;27(2):172–177. DOI: 10.1111/exd.13482.Sun W, Zheng Y, Lu Z, et al. LL-37 attenuates inflammatory impairment via mTOR signaling-dependent mitochondrial protection. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2014 Sep;54:26–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.015.Sun W, Zheng Y, Lu Z, et al. LL-37 attenuates inflammatory impairment via mTOR signaling-dependent mitochondrial protection. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2014 Sep;54:26–35. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.06.015.Takiguchi T, Morizane S, Yamamoto T, et al. Antimicrobial cathelicidin peptide LL-37 enhances interferon-β expression and antiviral activity induced by double-stranded RNA in keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol. 2014 September; 171(3):492–498. DOI: 10.1111/BJD.12942.Takiguchi T, Morizane S, Yamamoto T, et al. Antimicrobial cathelicidin peptide LL-37 enhances interferon-β expression and antiviral activity induced by double-stranded RNA in keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol. 2014 September; 171(3):492–498. DOI: 10.1111/BJD.12942.Pinheiro da Silva F, Machado MC. The dual role of cathelicidins in systemic inflammation. Immunol Lett. 2017 Feb;182:57–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.004.Pinheiro da Silva F, Machado MC. The dual role of cathelicidins in systemic inflammation. Immunol Lett. 2017 Feb;182:57–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.004.Das S, Sardar AH, Abhishek K, et al. Cathelicidin augments VDRdependent anti-leishmanial immune response in Indian Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017 Sep;50:130–138. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.010.Das S, Sardar AH, Abhishek K, et al. Cathelicidin augments VDRdependent anti-leishmanial immune response in Indian Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017 Sep;50:130–138. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.010.Fuentes-Duculan J, Bonifacio KM, Hawkes JE, Kunjravia N, Cueto I, Li X, Gonzalez J, Garcet S, Krueger JG. Autoantigens ADAMTSL5 and LL37 are significantly upregulated in active Psoriasis and localized with keratinocytes, dendritic cells and other leukocytes. Exp Dermatol. 2017 Nov;26(11):1075–1082. DOI: 10.1111/exd.13378Fuentes-Duculan J, Bonifacio KM, Hawkes JE, Kunjravia N, Cueto I, Li X, Gonzalez J, Garcet S, Krueger JG. Autoantigens ADAMTSL5 and LL37 are significantly upregulated in active Psoriasis and localized with keratinocytes, dendritic cells and other leukocytes. Exp Dermatol. 2017 Nov;26(11):1075–1082. DOI: 10.1111/exd.13378Weiss E, Katta R. Diet and rosacea: the role of dietary change in the management of rosacea. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2017 Oct 31;7(4):31—37. DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0704a08.Weiss E, Katta R. Diet and rosacea: the role of dietary change in the management of rosacea. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2017 Oct 31;7(4):31—37. DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0704a08.Wang WM, Jin HZ. Skin Microbiome: An Actor in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2018 Jan 5;131(1):95–98. DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.221269.Wang WM, Jin HZ. Skin Microbiome: An Actor in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2018 Jan 5;131(1):95–98. DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.221269.Zhang L, Wu WK, Gallo RL, et al. Critical Role of Antimicrobial Peptide Cathelicidin for Controlling Helicobacter pylori Survival and Infection. J Immunol. 2016 Feb 15;196(4):1799–1809. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500021.Zhang L, Wu WK, Gallo RL, et al. Critical Role of Antimicrobial Peptide Cathelicidin for Controlling Helicobacter pylori Survival and Infection. J Immunol. 2016 Feb 15;196(4):1799–1809. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500021.Muto Y, Wang Z, Vanderberghe M, et al. Mast cells are key mediators of cathelicidin-initiated skin inflammation in rosacea. J Invest Dermatol. 2014 Nov;134(11):2728–2736. DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.222.Muto Y, Wang Z, Vanderberghe M, et al. Mast cells are key mediators of cathelicidin-initiated skin inflammation in rosacea. J Invest Dermatol. 2014 Nov;134(11):2728–2736. DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.222.Chen X, Takai T, Xie Y, et al. Human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates proinflammatory responses induced by cytokine milieus and double-stranded RNA in human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013 Apr 19;433(4):532–537. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.024.Chen X, Takai T, Xie Y, et al. Human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates proinflammatory responses induced by cytokine milieus and double-stranded RNA in human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013 Apr 19;433(4):532–537. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.024.Zhang YY, Yu YY, Zhang YR, et al. The modulatory effect of TLR2 on LL-37-induced human mast cells activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016 Feb 5;470(2):368–374. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.037.Zhang YY, Yu YY, Zhang YR, et al. The modulatory effect of TLR2 on LL-37-induced human mast cells activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016 Feb 5;470(2):368–374. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.037.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.